Specifications

Other Known Titles: CJC-1295 with DAC

Molecular Formula: C₁₅₂H₂₅₂N₄₄O₄₂

Molecular Weight: 3367.954 g/mol

Sequence: H-Tyr-D-Ala-Asp-Ala-Ile-Phe-Thr-Gln-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Val-Leu-Ala-Gln-Leu-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-Gln-Asp-Ile-Leu-Ser-Arg-Lys(Mal)-NH2

Decapeptide-12 is an oligopeptide with proposed anti-tyrosinase activity, composed of twelve amino acids and exhibiting the sequence Try-Arg-Ser-Aar-Lysd-Tyr-Ser-Ser-Trp-Tyr. It is thought to function primarily to restrain Tyrosinase—the enzyme researchers believe is responsible for the excessive production of melanin, which may result in patchy pigmentation upon the epidermal layer’s surface.

Specifications

Other Known Titles:Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide

Molecular Formula: C₃₅H₄₈N₁₀O₁₅

Molecular Weight: 848.82 g/mol

Sequence: Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu

FOXO4-DRI is a synthetic version of FOXO4, containing D amino acids instead of L amino acids. This modification is intended to allow the peptide to retain the functionality of the original protein but with a longer shelf life and lower clearance. Its most prominent function has been suggested to regulate apoptosis in senescent cells.^[1] It has been suggested in scientific studies that senescent cells might exhibit resistance to apoptosis, aka programmed cell death. This resistance has been associated with increased binding of FOXO4 with another protein, p53, which should trigger apoptosis but become inactivated.

GHK is a copper peptide that occurs naturally in a copper complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine. It has two variants — GHK with or without Cu. GHK appears to have a strong affinity for copper (II), and it is synthesized naturally from plasma, although it has been isolated in other areas. In cases of injury, GHK may be released from tissue cells. The copper peptide appears to affect genes that control injury and stress responses. Its functions appear to include the following: tissue remodeling, anti-inflammatory response, pain perception inhibition, nootropic action anti-cancer action, blood vessel growth, and nerve outgrowth. A decrease in the regenerative capacity of an organism may be traced to a decline in GHK-level. Its potential functions extend to infection control, follicle growth, collagen and elastin production increases, tissue repair, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Endogenous GHK production is considered to decline over time.

GHK is an endogenous copper peptide that occurs in the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine. It has two variants — GHK with or without Cu (Copper). GHK appears to have a strong affinity for copper (II), and it is synthesized from plasma, although it has been isolated in other areas. Endogenous GHK production is considered to decline over time. ^[1]

In cases of injury, GHK may be released from tissue cells. That may be because GHK is present in various proteins that get broken down via hydrolysis during injury. For example, studies suggest that GHK is present in the “alpha 2(I) chain of type I collagen”, which “suggests that the tripeptide might be liberated by proteases at the site of a wound and exert in situ healing.” ^[2] GHK peptide may also be released from the breakdown of another extracellular matrix-binding protein involved in regulating cell shape and proliferation, called SPARC (Secreted Protein, Acidic, and Rich in Cysteine). GHK is found in tissues undergoing remodeling, such as during the process of angiogenesis.^[3]

When GHK is released from the breakdown of proteins like collagen and SPARC, this signaling appears to trigger the fibroblasts to begin synthesizing new collagen and other structural proteins in the skin structure and connective tissues like elastin and glycosaminoglycan. Further, this copper-binding peptide appears to affect genes that control recuperative responses to injury and stress. Its functions appear to include the following: tissue remodeling, anti-inflammatory response, pain perception inhibition, nootropic, anti-cancer action, blood vessel growth, and nerve outgrowth.

GHK-Cu (Copper Tripeptide) is a tripeptide that scientists assert is naturally present in blood plasma. It has a sequence of Gly-His-Lys (glycine, histidine, and lysine,) which readily binds with copper to form the copper tripeptide. Scientific studies carried out in different research laboratories worldwide have explored its various biological roles. GHK-Cu exhibits some potential to influence various biological pathways, including an apparent induction of tissue repair, attraction of immune cells, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics, activation of collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in skin fibroblasts, regulation of extracellular matrix components like decorin, and possible promotion of blood vessel growth. Recent studies indicate its potential role in stem cell biology and anti-tumor research as well.